Dopants are substances added to materials, particularly semiconductors, to alter their electrical properties. By introducing specific atoms into the material, dopants can increase the number of charge carriers, either electrons or holes, enhancing conductivity. Common dopants include phosphorus and boron, which are used in silicon-based electronics. In the context of semiconductor manufacturing, dopants play a crucial role in creating p-type and n-type materials. P-type materials have an abundance of holes, while n-type materials have extra electrons. This manipulation of electrical properties is essential for the functioning of devices like transistors and diodes.