Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. They are essential in modern electronics, forming the backbone of devices like transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Their unique properties allow them to control electrical current, making them crucial for the functioning of everything from smartphones to computers. The most common semiconductor material is silicon, which is widely used in the manufacturing of electronic components. The ability to manipulate their electrical properties through doping and other techniques enables the development of advanced technologies, including solar cells and LEDs, driving innovation in various industries.