Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes. It focuses on how chromosomes behave during cell division and how their abnormalities can lead to genetic disorders. Techniques such as karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are commonly used to analyze chromosomes. This field plays a crucial role in diagnosing genetic diseases, understanding cancer, and studying inherited traits. By examining chromosomal changes, cytogeneticists can identify conditions like Down syndrome and Turner syndrome, helping to inform treatment options and genetic counseling for affected individuals.