karyotyping is a laboratory technique used to visualize and analyze the number and structure of chromosomes in a cell. It involves staining the chromosomes and arranging them in a standard format, allowing scientists to identify any abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, which can lead to genetic disorders. This process is commonly used in prenatal testing, cancer diagnosis, and genetic research. By examining the chromosomes, medical professionals can gain insights into conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, helping to inform treatment options and genetic counseling for affected individuals and their families.