Chromosomal studies involve examining the structure and number of chromosomes in cells. These studies help scientists understand genetic disorders, inheritance patterns, and the overall health of an organism. By analyzing chromosomes, researchers can identify abnormalities such as extra or missing chromosomes, which can lead to conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. Techniques used in chromosomal studies include karyotyping, where chromosomes are stained and photographed to create a visual map. Another method is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences. These tools are essential for diagnosing genetic diseases and guiding treatment options.