A Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is a mathematical problem defined by a set of variables, each of which must be assigned a value from a specific domain. The goal is to find a solution that satisfies all given constraints, which are rules that restrict the values the variables can take. CSPs are commonly used in fields like artificial intelligence, scheduling, and resource allocation. CSPs can be represented in various forms, such as Sudoku puzzles or map coloring problems. Solving a CSP typically involves techniques like backtracking, constraint propagation, and heuristics to efficiently explore possible assignments and find a valid solution.