A Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) is a mathematical problem defined by a set of variables, each of which must satisfy specific constraints. The goal is to find values for these variables that meet all the given constraints simultaneously. CSPs are commonly used in fields like artificial intelligence, scheduling, and resource allocation. In a CSP, the variables can take on values from a defined domain, and the constraints specify the relationships between these variables. Examples of CSPs include puzzles like Sudoku and map coloring, where the objective is to assign values without violating any rules.