Backtracking is a problem-solving technique used in computer science and mathematics to find solutions by exploring all possible options. It works by building a solution incrementally and abandoning paths that lead to dead ends. For example, when solving a maze, backtracking allows you to try different routes and backtrack when you hit a wall, ultimately finding the correct path. This method is particularly useful for puzzles like Sudoku or the N-Queens problem, where you need to place items under specific constraints. By systematically exploring and retracting steps, backtracking ensures that all potential solutions are considered, making it a powerful tool for complex problems.