Graph coloring is a method used in graph theory to assign colors to the vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices share the same color. This technique helps in solving various problems, such as scheduling tasks or assigning frequencies in mobile networks, where conflicts must be avoided. The minimum number of colors needed to achieve this is called the graph's chromatic number. The concept of graph coloring can be applied to different types of graphs, including bipartite graphs and planar graphs. Algorithms, such as Greedy Coloring and Backtracking, are often used to find efficient coloring solutions. Graph coloring has practical applications in areas like map coloring, where regions must be colored differently to avoid confusion.