Map coloring is a method used in graph theory to assign colors to regions on a map so that no two adjacent regions share the same color. This technique helps in solving problems like scheduling and resource allocation, where conflicts must be avoided. The goal is to use the minimum number of colors necessary, which is known as the chromatic number of the map. The concept of map coloring is closely related to the Four Color Theorem, which states that four colors are sufficient to color any map in such a way that adjacent regions have different colors. This theorem has practical applications in various fields, including computer science and geography, where it aids in visualizing complex data and ensuring clarity in representation.