The Colonial era refers to the period from the late 15th century to the mid-20th century when European powers established colonies in various parts of the world. This era began with the Age of Exploration, during which explorers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama sought new trade routes and territories. Major colonial powers included Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal, which expanded their empires by claiming lands in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Colonialism often involved the exploitation of local resources and the imposition of foreign governance and culture. Indigenous populations frequently faced displacement, violence, and cultural assimilation. The effects of colonialism are still felt today, influencing global politics, economics, and social structures in former colonies.