Colonial Latin America refers to the period from the late 15th century to the early 19th century when European powers, primarily Spain and Portugal, established colonies in the Americas. This era began with Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492, leading to the exploration and conquest of vast territories inhabited by indigenous peoples. The colonial system was characterized by the extraction of resources, such as gold and silver, and the establishment of plantations. During this time, a complex social hierarchy emerged, blending European, indigenous, and African cultures. The Catholic Church played a significant role in governance and education, while the economy relied heavily on encomienda and plantation systems. The struggle for independence began in the late 18th century, culminating in various revolutions across the region in the early 19th century.