Colombian history began with indigenous groups like the Muisca and Tairona before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century. Christopher Columbus reached the region in 1499, leading to colonization and the establishment of New Granada. The Spanish ruled for nearly three centuries, impacting the culture, economy, and social structure of the land. In the early 19th century, Colombia fought for independence, with leaders like Simón Bolívar playing crucial roles. By 1819, Colombia became part of the Gran Colombia federation. However, internal conflicts and civil wars followed, shaping the nation into what it is today, rich in diversity and culture.