The Brazilian Monarchy refers to the period when Brazil was ruled as a monarchy from 1822 to 1889. It began when Dom Pedro I declared Brazil's independence from Portugal and became its first emperor. The monarchy was characterized by a constitutional framework, allowing for a degree of political participation while maintaining royal authority. The monarchy ended in 1889 when Brazil transitioned to a republic, largely due to growing discontent with the monarchy and calls for modernization. Dom Pedro II, the second and last emperor, was known for his efforts in promoting education and infrastructure, but he was ultimately deposed in the republican revolution.