Azerbaijan and Armenia have a long-standing conflict primarily over the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. This area, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, has a majority ethnic Armenian population. Tensions escalated into full-scale wars, notably in the early 1990s and again in 2020, leading to significant casualties and territorial changes. Efforts for peace have included negotiations mediated by international organizations, but a lasting resolution remains elusive. Both countries maintain strong national identities, and issues of territorial integrity and self-determination continue to fuel disputes. The situation remains complex, with ongoing military and political tensions affecting regional stability.