The Andean Civilization refers to the various cultures that developed in the Andes Mountains of South America, primarily in present-day countries like Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. This civilization is known for its advanced agricultural techniques, including terrace farming, which allowed them to cultivate crops like potatoes and maize in the mountainous terrain. One of the most notable societies within the Andean Civilization was the Inca Empire, which emerged in the 15th century. The Incas built an extensive network of roads and established a centralized government, facilitating trade and communication across their vast territory. Their impressive architectural achievements, such as Machu Picchu, showcase their engineering skills and cultural significance.