Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were foundational cultures in Western history. The Greeks are known for their contributions to philosophy, art, and democracy, with notable figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Their city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, played significant roles in shaping political thought and cultural practices. The Romans built upon Greek achievements, expanding their influence through a vast empire. They excelled in engineering, law, and military organization, with iconic structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon. The legacy of both civilizations continues to impact modern society in various fields, including government, literature, and architecture.