In the 19th century, Spanish society was marked by significant political and social changes. The century began with the impact of the Napoleonic Wars, leading to the Peninsular War and the eventual loss of many colonies in the Americas. This period saw the rise of liberal and conservative movements, which often clashed over issues like constitutional rights and the role of the monarchy. Socially, Spain was characterized by a rigid class structure, with the nobility and clergy holding significant power. The majority of the population were peasants and workers, who faced economic challenges and limited rights. The century also witnessed cultural developments, including the emergence of Romanticism in literature and art.