In the 19th century, Brazil underwent significant changes, transitioning from a colony to an independent empire. Gaining independence from Portugal in 1822, Brazil became a constitutional monarchy under Dom Pedro I. This period saw the growth of coffee plantations, which became a major economic driver, alongside the continued reliance on slavery for labor. The century was marked by social and political challenges, including conflicts like the Paraguayan War (1864-1870) and the abolition of slavery in 1888. The empire faced increasing pressure for reforms, leading to the eventual establishment of the Republic of Brazil in 1889, ending the monarchy.