The 19th century, spanning from 1801 to 1900, was marked by significant changes such as the Industrial Revolution, which transformed economies from agrarian to industrial. This period also saw the rise of nationalism, the spread of colonialism, and major social movements, including the fight for women's rights and abolition of slavery. The 20th century, from 1901 to 2000, was characterized by rapid technological advancements and global conflicts, including two World Wars. The century witnessed the emergence of civil rights movements, the Cold War, and significant cultural shifts, with the rise of pop culture and globalization reshaping societies around the world.