The 19th century in France was marked by significant political, social, and cultural changes. This period saw the rise and fall of various regimes, including the restoration of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic. Key events included the French Revolution of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War, which shaped the nation's identity and governance. Culturally, the 19th century was a time of artistic innovation, with movements like Romanticism and Realism emerging in literature and visual arts. Notable figures such as Victor Hugo and Gustave Courbet contributed to the rich tapestry of French art and literature, reflecting the complexities of contemporary society.