In the 18th century, England experienced significant social and political changes. The period was marked by the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which transformed agriculture and manufacturing, leading to urbanization as people moved to cities for work. This era also saw the development of new ideas in philosophy and politics, influenced by thinkers like John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. The century was characterized by the expansion of the British Empire, with colonies in North America, India, and the Caribbean. The Act of Union in 1707 united England and Scotland, creating Great Britain. Additionally, the century witnessed cultural advancements in literature, with notable authors like Jane Austen and Samuel Johnson.