The 17th century was a vibrant period for literature, marked by the rise of various genres and styles across Europe. In England, the Metaphysical Poets, such as John Donne and George Herbert, explored complex themes of love and spirituality through innovative metaphors. Meanwhile, the Caroline era saw the emergence of John Milton, whose epic poem Paradise Lost delved into themes of free will and redemption. In France, the classical style flourished, with writers like Molière and Racine producing influential plays that emphasized reason and order. The Spanish Golden Age also contributed significantly, with authors like Cervantes and Lope de Vega shaping the novel and drama. Overall, 17th-century literature reflected the dynamic cultural and philosophical shifts of the time.