The 14th to 17th centuries marked significant changes in Europe, characterized by the Renaissance, a cultural movement that began in Italy and spread across the continent. This period saw advancements in art, science, and literature, with notable figures like Leonardo da Vinci and William Shakespeare emerging. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century also revolutionized the spread of knowledge. Additionally, this era included the Age of Exploration, where European powers like Spain and Portugal expanded their territories through overseas exploration. This led to the discovery of new lands, trade routes, and the exchange of goods and ideas, significantly impacting global history.