The 12th century CE, spanning from the year 1101 to 1200, was a period marked by significant developments in Europe and beyond. It saw the rise of the medieval university, which began to formalize education and scholarship. This era also experienced the Crusades, a series of religious wars aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land, which influenced trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and the Middle East. In addition to educational advancements, the 12th century was notable for the flourishing of Romanesque architecture, characterized by thick walls and rounded arches. The period also witnessed the emergence of notable figures such as Thomas Becket, whose conflict with King Henry II highlighted the struggle between church and state.