The 12th Dynasty of ancient Egypt, part of the Middle Kingdom, lasted from around 1991 to 1802 BCE. It is known for its strong centralized government and significant achievements in art, literature, and architecture. This period saw the construction of impressive pyramids, such as those at Dahshur and El-Lahun, which reflected advancements in engineering. During the 12th Dynasty, notable pharaohs like Senusret III and Amenemhat II expanded Egypt's territory and influence through military campaigns and trade. The dynasty also emphasized the importance of the ma'at, or cosmic order, which guided their governance and societal values, contributing to a stable and prosperous era.