The 19th century spanned from the year 1801 to 1900 and was marked by significant social, political, and technological changes. This period saw the rise of the Industrial Revolution, which transformed economies from agrarian to industrial, leading to urbanization and the growth of factories. Additionally, the century was characterized by major movements such as Romanticism in art and literature, and the push for social reforms, including the abolition of slavery and women's rights. Key historical events included the American Civil War and the unification of Germany and Italy.