The history of mathematics dates back to ancient civilizations, where early humans used counting systems for trade and agriculture. The Babylonians developed a base-60 number system around 2000 BCE, while the Egyptians used geometry for land measurement. The Greeks, including mathematicians like Euclid and Pythagoras, formalized mathematical concepts and introduced deductive reasoning. During the Middle Ages, mathematics advanced in the Islamic Golden Age, where scholars translated and expanded upon Greek works. The introduction of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe during the Renaissance revolutionized mathematics, leading to significant developments in algebra and calculus, shaping modern mathematics as we know it today.