The struggle against Ottoman rule refers to the various movements and uprisings by different ethnic and national groups within the Ottoman Empire from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. These groups sought independence or greater autonomy, driven by a desire for self-determination and the influence of nationalist ideologies. Key events included the Greek War of Independence (1821-1832), which successfully established Greece as a nation, and the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), where several Balkan states fought against the Ottomans to gain territory. These struggles ultimately contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of new nation-states in the region.