Ottoman rule refers to the period when the Ottoman Empire controlled vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa from the late 13th century until the early 20th century. Founded by Osman I, the empire expanded through military conquests and strategic alliances, becoming a major political and cultural force. Its capital was Constantinople, which was captured in 1453, marking a significant turning point in history. The empire was known for its diverse population and religious tolerance, allowing various ethnic and religious groups to coexist. The Sultan was the supreme ruler, supported by a complex administrative system. Ottoman rule left a lasting impact on art, architecture, and law in the regions it governed.