Strain theory is a sociological concept that explains how societal pressures can lead individuals to commit crimes. It suggests that when people are unable to achieve culturally approved goals, such as wealth or success, they may experience strain or frustration. This strain can push them to engage in deviant behavior as a way to cope or achieve those goals. Developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton, strain theory identifies five modes of individual adaptation: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Each mode represents a different response to the pressure of achieving societal goals, highlighting how individuals may choose various paths when faced with obstacles in their pursuit of success.