Sterilizers are devices used to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, from surfaces or materials. They are commonly used in medical settings, laboratories, and food processing to ensure safety and hygiene. Different types of sterilizers include autoclaves, which use steam under pressure, and chemical sterilizers, which use gases or liquids. The effectiveness of a sterilizer is measured by its ability to achieve a specific temperature and exposure time, ensuring that harmful microorganisms are destroyed. Regular maintenance and proper operation are essential for ensuring that sterilizers function effectively and provide the desired level of cleanliness.