The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials convert sunlight directly into electricity. When light photons hit these materials, they can excite electrons, allowing them to flow and create an electric current. This phenomenon is the fundamental principle behind solar panels. Materials like silicon are commonly used in photovoltaic cells due to their ability to efficiently absorb sunlight. When these cells are exposed to sunlight, they generate direct current (DC) electricity, which can be converted to alternating current (AC) for use in homes and businesses. This technology plays a crucial role in renewable energy production.