The photovoltaic effect is a process that converts light energy directly into electrical energy. This occurs when photons, or light particles, strike a material, typically a semiconductor like silicon. The energy from the photons excites electrons in the material, allowing them to flow freely and create an electric current. This effect is the fundamental principle behind solar panels, which harness sunlight to generate electricity for various applications. When multiple photovoltaic cells are connected, they can produce enough power to supply homes, businesses, and even larger energy grids, contributing to renewable energy solutions.