Optimization techniques are methods used to make a system, process, or decision as effective or functional as possible. These techniques are commonly applied in various fields, including mathematics, computer science, and engineering, to improve performance, reduce costs, or enhance efficiency. Common optimization techniques include linear programming, which helps in resource allocation, and genetic algorithms, which mimic natural selection to find solutions. Other methods, like gradient descent, are used in machine learning to minimize errors in predictions. By applying these techniques, individuals and organizations can achieve better outcomes in their projects and operations.