Neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious birth defects that occur when the neural tube, which forms the baby's brain and spinal cord, does not close completely during early pregnancy. This can lead to conditions such as spina bifida and anencephaly, which can cause physical and cognitive disabilities. NTDs typically develop within the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman knows she is pregnant. The exact cause of NTDs is not fully understood, but factors such as genetics, environmental influences, and nutritional deficiencies may play a role. Taking folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk of NTDs. Health professionals recommend that women of childbearing age consume adequate amounts of folic acid to help prevent these defects.