kermes refers to a type of scale insect belonging to the family Kermesidae. These small, often red or brown insects are typically found on oak trees, where they feed on the sap. Their presence can lead to the formation of galls, which are abnormal growths on the plant. Historically, kermes has been significant in the production of a natural dye known as kermes dye. This dye, derived from the dried bodies of the insects, was used in textiles, particularly in the Mediterranean region, before synthetic dyes became prevalent.