Cytogenetic techniques are laboratory methods used to study chromosomes and their structure, number, and function. These techniques help identify genetic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, and the genetic basis of diseases. Common methods include karyotyping, which visualizes chromosomes under a microscope, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which uses fluorescent probes to detect specific DNA sequences. Another important technique is chromosomal microarray analysis, which provides a high-resolution view of chromosomal changes. These methods are essential in clinical genetics, cancer research, and prenatal testing, allowing for better diagnosis and understanding of genetic conditions.