Integrated circuits (ICs) are essential components in modern electronics, allowing multiple electronic functions to be combined into a single chip. They are made from semiconductor materials, primarily silicon, and can contain thousands to millions of tiny components like transistors, resistors, and capacitors, all working together to perform complex tasks. The invention of integrated circuits revolutionized the electronics industry, enabling the development of smaller, faster, and more efficient devices. From smartphones to computers, ICs are at the heart of virtually all electronic systems, making them a cornerstone of contemporary technology and innovation.