The design of experiments (DOE) is a systematic approach used to plan, conduct, and analyze experiments. It helps researchers understand the effects of multiple variables on a particular outcome. By carefully structuring experiments, scientists can identify relationships and interactions between factors, leading to more reliable and valid results. In DOE, factors are the variables that are manipulated, while responses are the outcomes measured. Techniques such as randomization, replication, and blocking are employed to minimize bias and improve the accuracy of the findings. This methodology is widely used in fields like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and engineering to optimize processes and products.