The ancient Greeks were a civilization that thrived from around the 8th century BCE to the end of antiquity. They are known for their contributions to art, philosophy, and politics. Key city-states included Athens, known for its democracy, and Sparta, famous for its military strength. Greek culture laid the foundation for Western civilization, influencing language, literature, and science. Notable figures include the philosopher Socrates, the playwright Sophocles, and the mathematician Pythagoras. The ancient Greeks also held the first Olympic Games in 776 BCE, celebrating athletic prowess and fostering unity among the city-states.