Ancient Greek refers to the language and culture of Greece from around the 9th century BC to about the 6th century AD. It is known for its rich contributions to literature, philosophy, and the arts, with notable figures such as Homer, Socrates, and Plato shaping Western thought. The ancient Greeks made significant advancements in various fields, including mathematics, science, and politics. Their city-states, like Athens and Sparta, played crucial roles in the development of democracy and military strategy, influencing many modern societies and governments.