The Zhou dynasty was a significant period in ancient Chinese history, lasting from around 1046 to 256 BCE. It followed the Shang dynasty and is known for its long duration and the establishment of the Mandate of Heaven, a concept that justified the ruler's authority. The dynasty is divided into two main periods: the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou, with the latter further split into the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. During the Zhou dynasty, advancements in philosophy, culture, and technology flourished. Notable philosophers like Confucius and Laozi emerged, shaping Chinese thought. The period also saw the development of iron tools and agricultural techniques, which improved productivity and contributed to population growth. The Zhou dynasty laid the foundation for future Chinese dynasties and significantly influenced Chinese civilization.