Valley geography refers to the study of landforms that are shaped by the movement of water, wind, and ice. Valleys are typically low areas between hills or mountains, often formed by river erosion. They can vary in shape, including U-shaped valleys created by glaciers and V-shaped valleys formed by rivers. Valleys can also influence local climate and ecosystems. The presence of a river or stream can create a fertile area for agriculture, while surrounding hills may provide shelter from harsh winds. Additionally, valleys often serve as natural pathways for wildlife and human travel, connecting different regions.