The Umayyad Caliphate in Al-Andalus refers to the period when the Umayyad dynasty ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula, beginning in 711 CE after the Muslim conquest. The Umayyads established their capital in Cordoba, which became a center of culture, learning, and trade. This era is marked by significant advancements in science, philosophy, and architecture. Under the Umayyad rule, Al-Andalus flourished as a multicultural society where Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted. The caliphate promoted religious tolerance and intellectual exchange, leading to a rich cultural legacy. The period ended in the early 11th century, leading to the fragmentation of the region into smaller kingdoms.