The Ukrainian Nationalist Movement emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocating for the independence and self-determination of Ukraine. It sought to promote Ukrainian culture, language, and identity, especially in response to foreign domination by empires such as the Russian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the 20th century, various groups, including the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), played significant roles in the struggle for Ukrainian sovereignty. The movement gained momentum after Ukraine declared independence in 1991, continuing to influence national politics and identity today.