The Ubaid culture refers to a prehistoric civilization that existed in southern Mesopotamia from around 5000 to 4000 BCE. It is known for its early advancements in agriculture, pottery, and settlement patterns. The Ubaid people developed some of the first permanent villages and engaged in trade, which laid the groundwork for later civilizations in the region. Ubaid pottery is particularly notable for its distinctive designs and quality, often featuring intricate patterns. The culture is also recognized for its architectural innovations, including the construction of large temples and public buildings, which indicate a complex social structure and the beginnings of urbanization in ancient Iraq.