The Twelve Battles of the Isonzo were a series of military engagements fought between the forces of the Kingdom of Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I. These battles took place along the Isonzo River in present-day Slovenia and Italy from 1915 to 1917. The primary objective for Italy was to break through the Austro-Hungarian defenses and gain territory. Despite numerous offensives, the battles were characterized by heavy casualties and limited territorial gains for Italy. The harsh mountainous terrain and well-fortified positions of the Austro-Hungarians made progress difficult. Ultimately, the battles highlighted the challenges of trench warfare and the high human cost of the conflict.