The Etruscans were an ancient civilization that thrived in what is now central Italy, particularly in the region of Tuscany, from around the 8th century BCE until their gradual assimilation into the Roman Republic by the 3rd century BCE. They are known for their advanced culture, including art, architecture, and a unique language that remains only partially understood. Etruscan society was organized into city-states, each ruled by a king or a council. They made significant contributions to Roman culture, including religious practices, engineering techniques, and urban planning. Their impressive burial practices and elaborate tombs provide valuable insights into their beliefs and daily life.