The Empress of China, also known as the Empress Dowager Cixi, was a powerful figure in the late Qing Dynasty. She ruled as a regent from 1861 until her death in 1908, effectively controlling the Chinese government during a time of significant change and turmoil. Cixi is often credited with modernizing China, although her methods and decisions were controversial. Under her leadership, China faced internal strife, including the Boxer Rebellion and the Taiping Rebellion. Cixi's reign saw attempts to reform the military and economy, but her resistance to some Western influences led to criticism. Her legacy remains complex, reflecting both progress and challenges in Chinese history.